b483 Resources
Topic Readings
General Harvard Reference (Curtin) Style, http://lisweb.curtin.edu.au/reference/harvard.html 
Referencing (Murdoch), http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/guides/cite.html 
Guide to Writing Essays, http://members.tripod.com/~lklivingston/essay/index.html
1 Impact of ICTs on national and indigenous language, cultures and communities

Focus questions:

  • What are the advantages and disadvantages of a global language today?
  • If English is the current "global language", how and why has it achieved this status?
  • What effect will a global language have on cultural diversity and distributed communities?
  • What effect will a global language have on non-English speaking developing countries?
  • Should minority languages, e.g. Basque, Romansch, Inuit, be preserved? If so, how? How can technology influence their survival?
  • Will ICTs influence the dominance of a global language? How?
  • What effect would customised user interfaces have on minority languages? 

References (but look for more):
Herring, S.: 2002, The language of the Internet: English dominance or heteroglossia? Keynote Presentation, 3rd International Conference on Cultural Attitudes towards Technology and Communication, http://www.it.murdoch.edu.au/~sudweeks/b483/herring.ppt  
Wallraff, B.: 2000, What global language? The Atlantic Online, http://www.theatlantic.com/issues/2000/11/wallraff.htm 
King, R. D.: 1997, Should English be the law, The Atlantic Online, http://www.theatlantic.com/issues/97apr/english.htm 
Preserving language diversity, http://faculty.ed.umuc.edu/~jmatthew/culserv.html
Challenges to democratising access to internet technologies in africa, http://www.soi.city.ac.uk/research/isrg/press1.htm
Balancing the benefits: ICTs in developing countries, http://www.cordis.lu/euroabstracts/en/august98/ict1.htm
Can English survive the new technologies, http://www.english.co.uk/docs/iatef.html
Foundation for endangered languages, http://www.ogmios.org/147.htm
Study of local languages to be mandatory, http://www.etaiwannews.com/Taiwan/2001/07/06/994382613.htm
What global language, http://www.theatlantic.com/issues/2000/11/wallraff.htm
New informnation and communication technologies, social development and cultural change, http://www.unrisd.org/engindex/publ/list/dp/dp86/dp86.htm
Crystal, D.: 1997, English as a global language, Cambridge University Press.
Graddol, D.: 1997, The Future of English, The English Company, see overview at http://www.english.co.uk/FoE/contents/ovr.html 
Crystal, D.: English in the new world, http://www.kl.unibe.ch/kl/llbs1/Englisch/crystal.htm
Herlading ICT enabled knowledge societies: Way forward for the developing countries, http://members.tripod.com/knownetwork/articles/heralding.htm
Exclusion and communication in the information era, http://www.ru.org/82inayat.html
Cultural identity in Europe, http://www.kokugakuin.ac.jp/ijcc/wp/global/04isomura.html
Global Internet Statistics (Language), http://www.glreach.com/globstats/index.php3
Taking note of language extinction, http://www.colorado.edu/iec/alis/articles/langext.htm 
ICTs in mountains, http://www.mtnforum.org/emaildiscuss/discuss02/031802303.htm 
Impact on socio-cultural processes and relationships, http://www.ceip.org/files/events/report5.asp?p=5 
Will the Internet Always Speak English?, http://www.prospect.org/print/v11/10/nunberg-g.html  
From Threatened Languages to Threatened Lives, http://www.yourdictionary.com/erl/everett.html 
What is an Endangered Language?, http://www.yourdictionary.com/elr/whatis.html 
Globalisation Threatens World Cultures, http://www.converge.org.nz/lac/articles/news990724f.htm 
2 Globalisation, localisation and the "digital divide"

Focus questions:

  • Will modern ICTs facilitate, reinforce or diminish the global Digital Divide?
  • Is access to the Internet the panacea for eroding the gap between information-rich and information-poor nations?
  • What are the social implications of providing developing nations with the necessary infrastructure for "catching up" with developed nations?
  • What "strings" are likely to be attached to any aid to developing nations provided by powerful nations?
  • Will the widespread adoption of ICTs in developing countries introduce a digital divide within those societies?
  • Is it likely that globalisation will promote peace whereas localisation will reinforce diversity thus conflict (see Barber reading)?
  • Is "globalisation" a synonym for "Americanisation"? 
  • Is globalisation a force for "equity or exploitation" (see Kacowicz reading)?
  • What are the implications of globalisation in terms of technology, economics, politics, culture?
References 
Barber, Jihad vs McWorld, http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/foreign/barberf.htm
Bridging the digital divide, http://www.advocacy.org.za/digest.asp?cat=Bridging%20the%20Digital%20Divide#439
Egypt bridges the digital divide, http://www.europaworld.org/issue41/egyptbridges6701.htm
Argentina doubts market wisdom, http://www.globalpolicy.org/socecon/develop/devthry/well-being/2001/0806argentina.htm 
Digital divide between workers in the throes of globalisation, http://www.malaysia.net/lists/sangkancil/2000-05/msg00010.html
Digital divide facts and fictions, http://khacker2.freeyellow.com/ddnow6.htm
Can Arabs Join the World Economy? http://www.meforum.org/article/193/ 
Politics: territorial or non-territorial?, http://www.theglobalsite.ac.uk/press/104hirst.htm
Falling through the net: Defining the digital divide, http://www.ntia.doc.gov/ntiahome/fttn99/contents.html
Globalisation and its narratives, http://www2.hawaii.edu/~majid/op-ed_articles/globalization.html
The Japan that can say yes, http://www2.hawaii.edu/~majid/op-ed_articles/japan.html
Globalism, localism and Islamism: Migration, identity and world system development, http://www2.hawaii.edu/~majid/journal_articles/globalism_paper/globalism_localism.html
There is an alternative to globalization: its localization - a global manifesto, http://www.inesglobal.org/hines.html
Losing ground bit by bit: Low income communities in the information age, http://www.benton.org/Library/Low-Income/ 
The global impact of globalization, http://www.elements.nb.ca/theme/globalization/emily/emily.htm 
From Rio to Johannesburg: The globalization decade, http://www.corpwatch.org/campaigns/PCD.jsp?articleid=3190 
Think globally, act locally: Reflections of a backyard environmentalist, http://www.elements.nb.ca/theme/globalization/mike/mike.htm 
Digital Divide less clear, http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn?pagename=article&node=&contentId=A63831-2002Jun28&notFound=true 
Half the world, http://shirky.com/writings/half_the_world.html 
What is globalisation, http://www.globalisationguide.org/01.html 
What is globalisation: Four possible answers, http://www.nd.edu/~kellogg/WPS/261.pdf 
Digital divide network, http://www.digitaldividenetwork.org/content/sections/index.cfm?key=2 
Localise and truly go local, http://www.ita.doc.gov/exportamerica/NewsFromCommerce/nc_LISA.html 
The Digital Divide (book chapter), http://ksghome.harvard.edu/~.pnorris.shorenstein.ksg/acrobat/digitalch1.pdf 
Kacowicz, The dark side of the moon: Globalisation and poverty as a global problem, http://www.isanet.org/archive/kacowiz.htm 
Content and the digital divide, http://www.digitaldividenetwork.org/content/stories/index.cfm?key=14 
Statistical indicators benchmarking the digital divide, http://www.sibis-eu.org/sibis/publications/publications.htm 
e-Living Project, Life in a digital Europe, http://www.eurescom.de/e-living/index.htm 
Lenhart, A.: 2002, Barriers to Internet Access: From the non-user and new user perspective, http://intel.si.umich.edu/tprc/papers/2002/44/Lenhart_Barriers_TPRC.pdf
Mineta, N. Y.: 2000. Falling through the net: Towards digital inclusion, http://www.ntia.doc.gov/ntiahome/fttn00/Falling.htm#33 
Nath, V.: 2000, Heralding ICT enabled societies: Way forward for the developing countries, http://members.tripod.com/knownetwork/articles/heralding.htm 
3 Transnational Communities

Focus Questions:

  • Are transnational communities a new phenomenon? 
  • How do transnational communities differ from diasporas?
  • What are the implications of transnational communities in terms of culture, politics, ecology, economics, trade, immigration, citizenship, national identity?
  • What are the advantages and disadvantages of transnational communities in the information age?

References:
Global villagers, the rise of transnational communities, http://www.prospect.org/print/V7/25/portes-a.html
Globalisation from below: the rise of transnational communities, http://www.transcomm.ox.ac.uk/working_papers.htm
Transnationalism and Diasporas: The Kurdish Example, http://www.transcomm.ox.ac.uk/working_papers.htm
Globalisation and the Black Diaspora, http://www.transcomm.ox.ac.uk/working_papers.htm
Many other papers at http://www.transcomm.ox.ac.uk/working_papers.htm
Transnational migration, http://www.intl.pdx.edu/latin/economy/trans_ec.html
 Nothing to celebrate, http://www.it.murdoch.edu.au/~sudweeks/b329/readings/Torres-Saillant.html 
Transnational communities and evolution of global production networks: The cases of Taiwan, China and India, http://www.sims.berkeley.edu/~anno/papers/INDUSTRY&INNOVATION.pdf 
Transnationalism - the Alternative Orientation, http://www4.ncsu.edu/unity/users/c/ceg/www/chapter7.htm 
Use of Electronic Communications Technologies by Transnational Communities in Europe, 2001, http://www.vub.ac.be/SCOM/COST/copenhagen.doc 
Transnational migration, http://www.intl.pdx.edu/latin/economy/trans_ec.html 
New Migrations, Ethnicity and Nationalism in Southeast  and East Asia, http://www.transcomm.ox.ac.uk/working_papers.htm
Transnationalism in international migration: Implications for the study of citizenship and culture
Transnationalism in international migration: Implications for the study of citizenship and culture, http://www.transcomm.ox.ac.uk/working_papers.htm
Transnational communities and ICT use, acceptance and access, 2000, http://www.vub.ac.be/SCOM/COST/wg1_1.doc
The reach of transnationalism, http://www.ssrc.org/sept11/essays/kastoryano_text_only.htm
Information technology, transnational democracy and gender (ITDG): A Nordic Network for research in 2002-2003, http://www.luth.se/depts/arb/genus_tekn/NORFA2002-3.pdf 
4 Virtual Environments 

Focus questions:

  • What are virtual environments?
  • How useful are virtual environments in different fields, e.g. health, education, entertainment, simulations?
  • What are the advantages/disadvantages of online learning? Is there still a place for the traditional lecture?
  • How useful are software agents, e.g. bots, spiders, and intelligent agents? To what extent are they likely to replace humans in cyberspace?   

References
Promoting cooperation and collaboration in a web-based learning environment (Sudweeks), http://www.it.murdoch.edu.au/~sudweeks/papers/insite03.doc 
Jaa-Aro, K.-M.: 1998, Collaborative Work in Virtual Environments, http://www.nada.kth.se/~kai/lectures/CWVE.html
User Embodiment in Collaborative Virtual Environments, http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/Electronic/documnts/papers/sdb_bdy.htm
Benford, S. et al.: 1999, Three Dimensional Visualization of the World Wide Web, http://www.cs.brown.edu/memex/ACMCSHT/51/51.html
Supporting Transcontinental Collaborative Work in Persistent Virtual Environments, http://www.evl.uic.edu/spiff/calvin/ieeecga/
Enhancing distance learning with panoramic video, http://dlib.computer.org/conferen/hicss/0981/pdf/09814044.pdf
Contact, Culture and Community in Virtual World Cyberspace, http://www.ccon.org
ActiveWorlds, http://www.activeworlds.com
Immersion, http://www.immersion.com
Virtual Environments Group, http://www.cc.gatech.edu/gvu/virtual/
The Cyborg's Dilemma, http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol3/issue2/biocca2.html
Jackson, R. L. and Winn, W.: 1999, Collaboration and Learning in Immersive Virtual Environments, Paper presented at the Computer Support for Collaborative Learning Conference, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, http://kn.cilt.org/cscl99/A32/A32.HTM
Real Spaces to Create Virtual Presence, http://archive.ncsa.uiuc.edu/VEG/homepages/tcoffin/DOC/Presence2000/Real_Spaces.html
Benford, S., Collaborative Virtual Environments, http://www.crg.cs.nott.ac.uk/people/Steve.Benford/CVEs.html
Immersion, http://www.immersion.com/
Avatars!, http://www.digitalspace.com/avatars/book/chtu/chtu1.htm
Fralish, D. et al: 1996, Update on virtual reality: avatars and 3D-chat, Emory University, Business 552E, http://www.emory.edu/BUSINESS/et/avatar/ 
(How) Can software agents become good citizens?, http://www.december.com/cmc/mag/1997/feb/helmers.html
Gender gap shows cyberspace bias, http://www.trnmag.com/Stories/070401/Gender_gap_shows_cyberspace_bias_070401.html
*Centralised environments ('Places') for support of networking communities, http://www.it.murdoch.edu.au/~sudweeks/b483/cmc-3.pdf 
*Networking communities, by Dr Simeon Simoff, UTS, Sydney, http://www.it.murdoch.edu.au/~sudweeks/b483/ve/ 
Papers on virtual environments for education, http://www.coe.ecu.edu/vr/pub.htm 
Active Worlds videos, http://www.tlc.murdoch.edu.au/slearn/undergrad/non-teachwk/stu-sept_oct03.html
Advanced Medical Simulations, http://www.advmedicalsim.com/medical.htm
Benford, S. et al.: 1995, User embodiment in collaborative virtual environments, CHI95 Proceedings, http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/Electronic/documnts/papers/sdb_bdy.htm 
Pike, J., Intro to chat, Wired Magazine, http://facstaff.bloomu.edu/rumbough/Test%20material/chat.htm
Virtual environment training for trauma management, http://www.navysbir.brtrc.com/SuccessStories/immersion_n94242_onr_p3.html 
Beare, H.: 2002, The education revolution: Dawkin's four trend-breakers, ICPOnline, http://www.icponline.org/feature_articles/f13_02.htm 
Gladieux, L. E.: 2002, Global online learning: Hope or hype, International Higher Education, 18, http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/soe/cihe/newsletter/News18/text2.html 
Warschauer, M. (1998). Online learning in sociocultural context. Anthropology & Education Quarterly, 29, 68-88, http://www.gse.uci.edu/markw/online.html 
McInerney, W.: 1997, Learning to teach via the Internet, in N. Millichap (ed.), Beginnings: Initial Experiences in Teaching via Distance Education, IPSE, Indiana, http://old.ihets.org/learntech/distance_ed/fdpapers/1997/mcinerny.html 
5 Surveillance, Privacy and Censorship 

Focus questions:

  • Are there limits to where and how much we can monitor the public, monitor the workplace, monitor the home?
  • What regulations should be implemented in the use of surveillance technologies?
  • What is the appropriate balance between security and privacy?
  • Should the Internet be censored? If so, what should be censored? Who should do the censoring?
  • Should Australia be participating in the Echelon project? If yes, to what extent?

References
Technological problems associated with subcutaneous microchips for human identification, Silvia Covacio, Informing Science + IT Education Conference, Pori, Finland, June 2003, http://www.it.murdoch.edu.au/~sudweeks/b483/resources/107Covac.pdf 
Sudweeks, F. (2001). Webcams: The rise of virtual voyeurism, Pathways: The Novartis Journal, 4: 16-17.
Australian Copyright Website, http://www.copyright.org.au/
Fox, S.: 2000, Trust and privacy online: Why Americans want to rewrite the rules, Internet Life Report, http://www.pewinternet.org/
Jones, J. M. and Carlson, D. K.: 2001, Majority of email users express concern about Internet privacy, Gallup Organization, http://www.gallup.com/poll/releases/pr010628.asp 
Fridge webcam, http://www.icepick.com/fridge.shtml
Australian Government Department of Communications, Information Technology and the Arts, http://www.dcita.gov.au
Emerging surveillance technologies: enhancements to police databases, http://learning.unl.ac.uk/uw100/ethics/facerec.htm
Who will blow the whistle if surveillance oversteps? http://www.scu.edu/ethics/publications/ethicalperspectives/surveillance.html 
Echelon Spy Network : Questions in the Australian Senate asked by Senator Bob Brown, http://www.geocities.com/pwdyson/brownspeech.html
Electronic Frontier Foundation, http://www.eff.org/
Internet Censorship in Australia, http://www.efa.org.au/Issues/Censor/cens1.html 
Electronic Privacy Information Center, http://zimmer.csufresno.edu/~haralds/Linkpages/privacy.htm
'Nation's toughest sheriff' adds web cam to jail, 2000, CNN.com, http://www.cnn.com/2000/TECH/computing/07/18/jail.webcam.ap/ (also see http://www.mcso.org/) 
Koplowitz, H. B. 2000, Cookiegate, http://weeklywire.com/ww/07-10-00/memphis_tech.html  
 6 Politics of the global village in democratising or preserving hierarchy

Focus questions:

  • Most societies have a structure of a government and the governed and constraints placed on societies usually conform to the government's ideology. How can this be translated to cyberspace where there is no central system of government? 
  • If there is no governing body for cyberspace, should we expect utopia or anarchy, democracy or dictatorship? 
  • What are the advantages/disadvantages of a central system of government in cyberspace? What would be the processes for electing any such government?
  • If there is a type of government, should we be aiming for a capitalist ideology, given the proliferation of e-business, or socialist ideology, given the ease with which cybercommunities can be formed?
  • If there are rules and regulations imposed on cyberspace, who should enforce those rules and regulations?

References
A typology of electronic democracy, http://www.uni-giessen.de/fb03/vinci/labore/netz/hag_en.htm
Cyberspace: A temporary Utopia?, http://elj.warwick.ac.uk/jilt/98-3/rowland.html
Power and powerlessness in the global village, http://www.sociology.org/content/vol004.003/globvlg2.html
Global village and universal ethics, http://www.unesco.or.kr/kor/science_s/project/universal_ethics/asianvalues/chung_bommo.htm
Intellectual property in the global village, http://www.usask.ca/library/gic/v1n4/chartrand/chartrand.html
Global village or global pillage?, http://www.reason.com/0107/fe.ml.global.html
Beyond the global village, http://www.heise.de/tp/english/inhalt/te/1074/1.html
The global village, http://www.femalenerd.com/debate/village/default.htm
Communities in cyberspace, http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/soc/faculty/kollock/papers/communities_01.htm
McLuhan's global village (abstract of book), http://hoshi.cic.sfu.ca/~guay/Paradigm/Global.html
Oral knowledge, typographic knowledge, electronic knowledge: Speculations on the history of ownership, http://www.ucalgary.ca/ejournal/archive/rachel/v1n3/article.html
New Technologies, TechnoCities, and the Prospects for Democratization, http://www.gseis.ucla.edu/courses/ed253a/newDK/techcity.htm
The Political Demographics of Cyberspace, http://www.cyrev.net/Issues/Issue3/PoliticalDemographicsOfCyberspace.htm
Politics and religion in the global village, http://www.foigm.org/IMG/polrelig.htm
The global village, http://144.16.67.13/~manohar/BIT.html
A wired Agora, http://www.publicus.net/present/agora.html
Information and politics, http://www.infowar.com/mil_c4i/mil_c4i_080597a.html-ssi